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COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITIVEOGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE

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2007-12-25No history Add My version 
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This is a 21 page mind map about cognitive psychology. 
 
outline 
COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITIVEOGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE
  Cognitive Psychology and the Brain
  The role of the brain
  Defining Cognitive Psychology
  Introduction
  Problem Solving from an Evolutionary Perspective
  Behavioral and Neuroscience Methods
  Evolutionary Perspective on Social Cognitions
  Motivation and Emotion
  Memory
  Memory and Language
  Imagery
  Comprehension
  Neuroscience of Comprehension
  Situation Models and Inferencing
  Knowledge
  Decision Making and Reasoning
  Present and Future of Research
 >>New Map
 Evolutionary Perspective on Social Cognitions
  Studies on humans with brain damages
  Lesion method
  Areas where it is used
  Problems which can occur
  Single case studies
  Techniques for Assessing Brain Anatomy
  CAT
  MRI
  History and Development of MRI
  Common Uses of the MRI Procedure
  Risks
  Techniques for Assessing Physiological Function
  PET
  fMRI
  Electromagnetic Recording Methods
  Single cell
  EEG
  ERP
  MEG
  Techniques for Modulating Brain Activity
  Transcranical magnetic stimulation (TMS)
  History and procedure
  Mechanisms
  Basic applications
  Clinical applications
  Future of TMS
  Techniques for Analyzing Behaviour
  Test batteries
  Customized neuropsychological assessment
  Overall Intelligence tests
  Premorbid functioning
  Techniques for Modeling Brain-Behaviour Relationships
 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITIVEOGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE
 >>New Map
 Neuroscience of Comprehension
  Findings from other language systems
  Sign language
  •Handshape
  •Palm orientation
  •Place of articulation
  •Movement
  •Non-manual markers
 (such as facial expressions)
  Sign language grammar
  Neuropsychological research of sign language
  Auditory Language Processing
  Neurological Perspective
  Psychological Perspective
  Phonology
  Syntax
  Semantics
  Visual Language Processing
  The phonological route
  The direct route
  The processing of written language in reading
  The processing of written language in spelling
  Evidence from Advanced Neuroscience Methods
  Left hemisphere dominance
  Different roles of posterior and anterior regions
  Visual versus Auditory Language Processing
  Beyond words
  Lateralization of language
  Anatomical differences between left and right hemisphere
  Functional asymmetry
  Handedness
 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITIVEOGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE
 >>New Map
 Comprehension
  Language as a cognitive ability
  Historical review on Psycholinguistics & Neurolinguistics
  Todays goals of Psycholinguistics
  comprehension
  speech production
  acquisition
  Characteristic features
  Non-Human Language - Animal Communication
  Language Comprehension & Production
  Using Language
  Quantity: The speaker should try to be informative, no over-/underinformation
  Quality: Do not say things which you believe to be false or lack evidence of
  Manner: Avoiding being obscure or ambiguous
  Relevance: Stay on topic of the exchange
  Language, Culture and Cognition
  Culture and Language
  What is the connection between language and cognition?
  Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
  Categorical Perception
  Is thought dependent on, or even caused by language?
  Historical theories
  Present research
 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITIVEOGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE
 >>New Map
 Situation Models and Inferencing
  Why do we need situation models?
  Integration of information across sentences
  Explanation of similarities in comprehension performances across modalities
  Domain expertise on comprehension
  Multiple source learning
  Multidimensionality of Situation Models
  Space
  Time
  Causation
  Intentionality
  Protagonists and Objects
  Processing Frameworks
  Levels of Representation in Language and Text Comprehension
  Propositional Representation
  Three levels of representation
  Two levels of representation
  KIWi-Model
  Inferencing
  Anaphoric Inference
  Instrumental Inference
  Causual Inference
  Predictice / Forward Inference
  Integrating Inferences into Situation Models
  Important Topics of current research
  Linguistic Cues versus World Knowledge
  Multidimensionality
 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITIVEOGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE
 >>New Map
 Memory and Language
  Definition
  Language
  Memory
  Brain regions
  Memory
  Short term/long term Memory
  Working Memory
  Sensory Memory
  Semantic Memory
  Speech production
  Correlation between Language and Memory
  Acquisition of language
  Speech production
  Diseases
 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITIVEOGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE
 >>New Map
 Knowledge
  Hemispheric Distribution
  Differences in Anatomy and Chemistry
  Historic Approaches
  Experiments with Split-Brain-Patients
  Experiments with Patients with other Brain-Lesions
  Drawbacks
  Experiments with Neurologically Intact Individuals
  Highly simplified picture of the visual pathway
  Do the Hemispheres Differ in What or How They Process?
  Communication Between the Hemispheres via the Corpus Callosum
  Individual Factors may Influence Lateralization
  Age
  Handedness
  Gender
  Historical and Philosophical Aspects
  Theories on Knowledge Representation in the Brain
  Knowledge Representation and Hemispheric Distribution/Specialisation
 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITIVEOGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE
 >>New Map
 Decision Making and Reasoning
  Executive Functions
  Thinking Conditionally
  Forms of conditionla syllogisms
  Why people make errors in conditional reasoning: The Wason Four- Card- problem
  Stating the Four - Card task in real - world terms: the role of ‘Regulations’
  Pragmatic Reasoning Schemas in the Wason Task: The role of ‘Permission’
  An evolutionary approach to the Four - Card - problem: The role of ‘Cheating’
  Inductive Reasoning
  Decision Making: Choosing Among Alternatives
  About the Process
  The Utility Approach
  Misleading Effects
  Situation Models
  Focusing Illusion
  Framing Effect
  Justification in Decision Making
  Deductive Reasoning
  Thinking Categorically
  All flowers are plants
  No plants are artificial
  Therefore no flowers are artificial
  The Normative Approach
  The Descriptive Approach
  Mental Models of Deductive Reasoning
  Effects of Culture on Deductive Reasoning
 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITIVEOGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE
 >>New Map
 Motivation and Emotion
  Motivation - about drives and motives
  What is an emotion?
  Functional Theories
  James-Lange Theory
  Cannon-Bard Theory
  Two Factor Theory
  The Neural Correlate of Emotion
  The Hippocampus
  The Thalamus
  The Cerebral Cortex
  The Amygdala
  Anatomy
  Functions
  Processing social signals of emotion
  Emotional conditioning
  Emotional memories
 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITIVEOGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE
 >>New Map
 Behavioral and Neuroscience Methods
  From selection to sociality
  Group Selection
  Kin Selection
  Reciprocal Alturism
  Possible selection pressures favoring human sociality
  Social Cognition
  The human faculty of social cognition
  Understanding intentional action
  Shared intentionality
 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITIVEOGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE
 >>New Map
 Problem Solving from an Evolutionary Perspective
  Introduction
  Insight
  Fixation
  Mental Fixedness
  Functional Fixedness
  Problem Solving - Modern Approaches
  Problem Solving as a Search Problem
  Means-End Analysis
  Analogies
  Restructuring by Using Analogies
  Schema
  How do Experts Solve Problems?
  Knowledge
  Organization
  Analysis
  Divergent Thinking
  The Evolutionary Perspective
 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITIVEOGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE
 >>New Map
 Present and Future of Research
  Introduction
  Until now
  Introducing new methods
  Possible development
  Methods
  Experimental Cognitive Psychology
  Cognitive Neuropsychology
  Cognitive Science
  Cognitive Neuroscience
  Converging operations
  Theory
  Unifying Theories
  Parallel Processing
  Levels of Analysis
 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITIVEOGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE
 >>New Map
 Imagery
  The Imagery Debate
  What is it about?
  How is it?
  Biological reasoning of debate
  Spatial Representation
  What is it?
  How is spatial knowledge encoded?
  Propositional Representation
  Theory
  Representation
  Complex objects
  Proofs for propositional representation
  Imagery and Perception
  Size and the Visual Field
  Current state of imagery debate
  Imagery and memory
 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITIVEOGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE
 >>New Map
 Memory
  What is Memory
  Classification by duration
  Classification by information type
  Classification by temporal direction
  Most important brain structures responsible for memory
  Amygdale
  Hippocampus
  Types of Memory
  Sensory Memory
  Short Term Memory
  Working Memory
  Long Term Memory
  Declarative Memory
  Implicit Memory
  Errors in Memory
  Biochemical
  Hardware Errors
 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITIVEOGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE
 >>New Map
 Executive Functions
  Deficits in goal directed behavior
  What characterizes goal directed behavior?
  Goal must be kept in mind
  Dividing into subtasks and sequencing
  Completed portions must be kept in mind
  Flexibility and adaptability
  Evaluation of actions
  Executive dysfunction and goal directed behavior
  Problems in sequencing
  Problems in shifting and modifying strategies
  Problems with the interpretation of available information
  Problems with self-criticism and -monitoring
  Theories of Frontal Lobe Function in Executive Control
  Role of Working Memory
  Role of Controlled Versus Automatic Processes
  Use of Scripts
  Role of a goal list
  Lack of Cognitive Flexibility and Deficits in the Response to Novelty
 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITIVEOGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE
 Decision Making and Reasoning
 >>New Map
 Inductive Reasoning
  Induction vs deduction
  How reliable are conclusions reached through induction?
  Processes and constraints of inductive reasoning
  The availability heuristic
  The representativeness heuristic
  Illusory correlations
  The conjunction rule
  Confirmation bias
  The hindsight bias
  The probability heuristic
  The gambler’s fallacy
  So, why inductive reasoning at all?
 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITIVEOGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE
 Decision Making and Reasoning
 >>New Map
 Theories on Knowledge Representation in the Brain
  Concepts and Categories
  Concepts
  Categories in our Life
  Definitional Approach
  Prototype Approach
  Exemplar Approach
  Prototype vs. Exemplar Approach
  Hierarchical Organization of Categories
  Affecting Factors on Categorization
  Representation of Categories in the Brain
  Semantic Networks
  Collins and Quillian's Model
  Cognitive Economy
  Correlation between Distance of Concepts and Information Retrieval
  Spreading Activation
  Criticism
  Collins and Loftus Model - A Developed C&Q-Model
  Connectionist Approach
  Basic Principles of Connectionism
  Operation of Connectionist Networks
  Evaluating Connectionism
  Mental Representation
  Propositional Approach
  Imagery Approach
  Knowledge Representation (KR) in Computational Models of Cognition
  Knowledge Engineering
  Ontology
  Frame Problem
  Knowledge Representation Formalisms
  Different Types of Formal Languages
  Expressive Power of Formalisms vs. Deductive Complexity
  Application of KR - Databases
  Intertranslation between KR Formalisms
  Gap between Human and Artificial KR
  KR in AI
 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITIVEOGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE
 Knowledge
 >>New Map
 Processing Frameworks
  A list of theories, insights and developments in language comprehension frameworks
  an interactive model of comprehension (Kintsch and van Dijk, 1978)
  early Computatinal Model (Miller, Kintsch, 1980)
  Constructing-integration Model (Kintsch, 1988)
  Structure-Building-Framework (Gernsbacher,1990)
  Capacity Constraint Reader Model (Just, Carpenter, 1992)
  Constructivist framework (Graesser, Singer, Trabasso, 1994)
  Event Indexing Model (Zwaan, Langston, Graesser, 1995)
  Landscape Model (van den Brock, Risden, Fletcher, & Thurlow, 1996)
  Capacity-constrained construction-integration Model (Goldman, Varma, Cote, 1996)
  The Immersed Experiencer Framework (Zwaan, 2003)
  Construction-Integration Model
  Event-Indexing Model
  The Immersed Experiencer Framework
  An interactive Model of Comprehension
  Early Computational Model
 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITIVEOGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE
 Situation Models and Inferencing
 
 >>New Map
 Language Comprehension & Production
  Situation Model
  Language features - Syntax and Semantics
  Physiological Approach
  Semantics
  Semantically correct: “The pizza was too hot to eat.”
  Semantically wrong: “The pizza was too hot to drink.”
  Semantically wrong: “The pizza was too hot to cry.”
  Syntax
  Behavioristic Approach -
 Parsing a Sentence
  The Syntax-First Approach of Parsing
  The Interactionist Approch of Parsing
 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITIVEOGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE
 Comprehension
 >>New Map
 Non-Human Language - Animal Communication
  Forms of Communication
  Characteristic Language Features in Animal Communication
  Experiments
  Viki
  Washoe
  Sarah
  Kanzi
  Can the characteristic language features be found in non-human communication?
 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITIVEOGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE
 Comprehension
 >>New Map
 The Evolutionary Perspective
  Natural Selection
  Adaptation As a Result of Natural Selection
  Psychological Adaptation
  Adaptations May Be Out-of-Date
  Sexual Selection
  Altruism
  Reciprocal Behaviour
  (Iterative) Prisoner's Dilemma
  Consciousness
  Evolution of Consciousness
  Neuropsychology and Consciousness
  Problem Solving and Consciousness
 COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITIVEOGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE
 Problem Solving from an Evolutionary Perspective